This section contains carefully selected MCQs and Previous Year Questions with explanations to help students understand concepts and prepare effectively for examinations, interviews, and competitive tests.
Q: 1Architectural design defines:
Option C
The architectural design provides a high-level view of system components and their interactions.
Q: 2Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched:
Option B
Cohesion refers to how closely the elements within a single module of a program are related to one another. The higher the cohesion, the better the design, as the module performs a single, well-defined task. Different types of cohesion describe different levels of relationship among module elements.
| TYPE OF COHESION | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|
| Co-incidental Cohesion | The elements inside the module are unrelated and are put together without any specific reason or purpose. Such grouping usually happens by accident or poor design decisions, making maintenance and understanding very difficult. |
| Logical Cohesion | Elements are grouped because they perform similar types of activities. However, which operation is executed depends on a control flag or parameter. |
| Temporal Cohesion | Elements of the module are grouped together because they are executed at the same time, such as during system startup, initialization, or shutdown. These operations are related by their timing rather than their function. |
| Procedural Cohesion | Elements are grouped because they are part of the same procedure or control sequence. |
| Communicational Cohesion | The elements of the module are grouped because they operate on the same data set. |
| Sequential Cohesion | This occurs when the output of one element becomes the input of the next. |
| Functional Cohesion | Every element in the module contributes to a single, well-defined purpose or function. The module performs exactly one task and nothing else, making it easy to test, reuse, and maintain. |
Co-incidental → Logical → Temporal → Procedural → Communicational → Sequential → Functional.
Q: 3In decision table left-lower quadrant is called-
Option D
A Decision Table is a tabular method for representing logical relationships between conditions and actions in a system. It is widely used in software testing, system design, and decision-making.
| Quadrant | Position | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Condition Stub | Top-Left (Upper-Left) | Lists the conditions to be tested. |
| Condition Entry | Top-Right (Upper-Right) | Shows possible values for each condition. |
| Action Stub | Bottom-Left (Lower-Left) | Lists all possible actions. |
| Action Entry | Bottom-Right (Lower-Right) | Specifies the actions to take for each condition combination. |
Q: 4__________ is a structured repository of data about data.
Option C
A Data Dictionary is a centralized, structured repository that contains metadata, information about the data used in a system, such as:
Q: 5______________, a program development tool, shows how the program has been partitioned into smaller more manageable modules, the hierarchy and organization of those modules and the communication interfaces between modules.
Option A
When a big program becomes too large to understand, we divide it into small manageable modules. To show how these modules are arranged and how they communicate, we use a special tool called a Structure Chart.
It looks like a Tree Diagram where the top represents the main module and the bottom branches represent submodules.
| STRUCTURE CHART | PROGRAM FLOWCHART |
|---|---|
| Shows module hierarchy. | Shows step-by-step logic of a program or process. |
| Focuses on how the program is divided into smaller modules. | Focuses on how the program flows from start to end. |
| Represents modular design. | Represents program logic or algorithm. |
| Modules are arranged in levels like parent–child relationship. | Statements are arranged in sequence, decision, and loops. |
| Used during the system design phase. | Used during program development and algorithm design. |
| Does not show internal logic of modules. | Shows the internal working of the program in detail. |
| Looks like a tree structure. | Looks like a flow diagram with symbols like oval, diamond, rectangle, parallelogram. |
Q: 6At the architectural design level, a software architect uses an _________ to model the manner in which software interacts with entities external to its boundaries.
Option B
An ACD (Architectural Context Diagram) provides a high-level view of the system and shows how it fits into its environment. It illustrates the system boundary and depicts all external interfaces through which the system communicates with other entities.
This helps designers and stakeholders understand what lies inside and outside the system’s scope, ensuring that all necessary interactions are properly identified and managed.
Q: 7The most desirable and least desirable forms of coupling are _____________ respectively.
Option C
Coupling refers to the degree of interdependence between modules in a system, means, coupling measures how tightly connected different modules are. Lower coupling is always preferred because it makes the system easier to maintain and modify.
Data Coupling (Most desirable):
Content Coupling (Least desirable):
Q: 8In case of flow-oriented requirement modeling, context diagram is also known as
Option A
Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) are used to represent how data moves through a system. A Context Diagram is the highest-level view of a DFD, which provides an overview of the entire system as a single process.
Because it gives this top-level, overall picture without showing internal details, the Context Diagram is also called a Level 0 DFD.
Lower-level DFDs such as Level 1, Level 2, and so on, break this single process into smaller sub-processes, showing more internal details of how the system functions.
Q: 9_____________ is an indication of the relative functional strength of a module.
Option B
Cohesion refers to the degree of relatedness and functional strength of the elements within a single module. It indicates how well the parts of a module work together to achieve a specific purpose.
High cohesion means that all parts of the module are closely related and focused on a single task, which leads to more maintainable, understandable, and reliable software.
Q: 10_____________ is a visual representation that depicts the information flow and the transformation that are applied to data as data moves from input to output.
Option A
A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a visual representation that depicts the flow of information and the transformations applied to data as it moves from input to output in a system. It graphically shows how data enters the system, the processes that act on the data, where the data is stored, and how it exits the system.
Q: 11Which of the following best describes the Open-Closed Principle (OCP) in object-oriented component-level design?
Option B
The Open-Closed Principle (OCP) is one of the key object-oriented design principles. It states that a software component such as a class, module, or function should be open for extension but closed for modification. This means that the behavior of a component can be extended without altering its existing source code.
Q: 12The number of modules that call a given module is called __________.
Option A
In software engineering, especially in modular design and structured programming, fan-in and fan-out are used to measure module interactions.
Q: 13Which of the following promotes good software design?
Option B
The low coupling and high cohesion make modules independent and maintainable, improving overall software design quality.
Q: 14___________ is loosely coupled system and ____________ is tightly coupled system.
Option C
In computer systems, coupling refers to the degree of connection and dependency between processors or computers.
Distributed Processing is a loosely coupled system because multiple computers work independently and communicate through a network. Each computer has its own memory and resources.
E.g.:
Parallel Processing is a tightly coupled system because multiple processors work together closely on the same task and usually share memory and resources.
E.g.:
Q: 15Which diagram is used to represent system behavior in UML?
Option D
The Activity Diagrams model the dynamic behavior of a system and represent workflows of actions and activities.
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