SCI 2022 Paper Solution

Option A

Von Neumann architecture is one of the primary foundational computer architectures that describes the basic structure of computer systems with a shared memory for instructions and data.
The Microarchitecture refers to how the architectural instructions are implemented in hardware, detailing the processor’s internal structure.

Option D

Option C

Option D

The MacOS (formerly OS X) uses the XNU kernel, which is a hybrid kernel. This kernel architecture combines features from both the microkernel and monolithic kernel designs.

Option C

Spatial Locality is a principle of memory access that states if a memory location is accessed, nearby memory locations are likely to be accessed soon. Since arrays store data in contiguous memory locations, accessing elements sequentially benefits heavily from spatial locality. Thus, arrays highly utilize this concept.

Option B

The CSS transition property allows you to add smooth effects when changing from one style to another without using flash animations or JavaScript. Transitions enhance user experience by providing visually appealing animations with minimal effort and without complex scripting.

It provides control over the duration, timing function, and delay of the change, enabling smooth gradual changes, such as fading colors, resizing elements, or moving components when a user interacts with a page.

button {
  background-color: yellow;
  transition: background-color 1s ease;
}
button:hover {
  background-color: green;
}

In this example, when the user hovers over the button, the background color smoothly changes from yellow to green in 1 seconds.

Option C

Disk scheduling algorithms manage the order in which disk I/O requests are processed. Common methods are FCFS (FIFO), SSTF, SCAN, LOOK, etc. The SCAN (also called Elevator algorithm) which moves the disk arm across the disk servicing requests in one direction.
In Batch Processing, jobs are processed in the order they arrive or according to some simple sequence. A common scheduling method is FIFO (First In First Out), where the first job to arrive is the first to be processed.
Time-sharing systems use Round Robin Scheduling to give each process a fair share of CPU.
Interrupts are handled in the reverse order of occurrence, often following a LIFO (Last In First Out) scheme where the most recent interrupt is serviced first.

Option A

IA-32 (Intel Architecture, 32-bit) is a widely used computer architecture known for its support of a wide range of data types such as bytes (8 bits), words (16 bits), double words (32 bits), and quad words (64 bits).
It defines various data sizes and supports complex instruction sets for handling these different types efficiently, making it versatile across many computing applications.

Option B

WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is the most widely used Wi-Fi security protocol. It was introduced in 2004 and uses AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for strong encryption and security.

Option B

CSA stands for Computer Speed Addition. It refers to techniques used in computer arithmetic to perform addition faster, often by reducing the time required to handle carries during binary addition.
By designing circuits that can process sums and carries efficiently, computers can speed up arithmetic operations, which is critical in processors and digital systems.