BCI 2022 Paper Solution

Option A

Memory storage refers to devices or media used to store data and programs in a computer.

• Primary memory (Volatile) is directly accessible by the CPU and loses its data when the power is turned off, examples include RAM and cache. 
• Secondary memory (Non-Volatile) stores data permanently, such as hard disks, SSDs, and optical discs.
• Tertiary and offline storage is used for backups and large-scale data storage, including tape drives and external hard drives.

Storage units are used to measure the amount of data in a computer, starting from the smallest unit, a bit, to larger units like Byte, Kilobyte (KB), Megabyte (MB), Gigabyte (GB), and Terabyte (TB).

• Bit → Byte → KB → MB → GB → TB → PB → EB → ZB → YB. Trick “Bharat Ke Modi Gaye Taj Pe Ek Zaruri Yatra”.

Option D

The program is trying to reduce the numbers p and q by repeatedly subtracting the smaller one from the bigger one. This looks like the Euclidean method for finding the GCD, but there is a mistake in the loop condition. The loop only checks while(p != 0), so it keeps running as long as p is not zero.

When q becomes zero (which will always happen before p does), the subtraction stops changing the value of p because p = p - 0 will always give the same p. This means the program gets stuck, and the loop keeps running forever without ending.

So, instead of calculating the GCD, this program will go into an infinite loop. The correct way would be to stop when either p or q becomes zero, i.e., use while(p != 0 && q != 0).
 

Option C

A Race Condition occurs when two or more threads or processes try to access and modify the same shared resource (like an object) at the same time without proper synchronization. This leads to unpredictable and incorrect behavior.
For instance, if three threads attempt to share and modify a single object concurrently, and there is no mechanism to control access (like locks or mutex), a race condition occurs causing data corruption or inconsistent results.

Option B

Phreaking is an early phone hacking method from the 1960s and 70s where hackers used special sounds to trick telephone systems. They played a 2600 Hz tone to control the phone switches and make free long-distance calls. Tools called "blue boxes" were made to create these tones, and famous phreakers like John Draper (“Captain Crunch”) used a cereal box whistle that made the same tone.

Option D

A Decision Table is a tabular method for representing logical relationships between conditions and actions in a system. It is widely used in software testing, system design, and decision-making.

Option D

Audio file formats are specialized file types designed to store or manage sound data.

• The .wav extension stands for Waveform Audio File Format, developed by Microsoft and IBM, and is commonly used for storing uncompressed, high-quality audio. 
• The .mp3 format, created by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), is a widely popular lossy compression standard, ideal for music, podcasts, and online streaming due to its smaller file size. 
• The .mid extension refers to MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) files, which do not contain actual sound but instead store digital instructions that control musical instruments, making them widely used in music production.
• In contrast, .rar is not an audio format. It is a Roshal Archive (RAR) file used for compressing and bundling multiple files together, unrelated to audio storage or playback.

Option C

WiFi and WiMAX are two popular wireless communication technologies, but they differ in coverage and standards. WiFi, based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, is mainly used for creating local area wireless networks with coverage typically up to 100 meters.

On the other hand, WiMAX is defined under the IEEE 802.16 standard and is designed for broadband wireless access over much larger distances, covering up to several kilometers.

The IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE develops global standards and supports a large community of engineers and scientists worldwide.

• 802.3 : Ethernet (Wired LAN standard, Data Link & Physical Layer).
• IEEE 802.5 : Token Ring LAN.
• 802.11 : WiFi (Wireless LAN).
• 802.15 : Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN, Bluetooth).
• 802.16 : WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, Broadband Wireless Access).
• IEEE 1394 : FireWire (High-speed serial bus for multimedia devices).

Option B

Snipping Tool / Snip & Sketch in Windows allows you to capture screenshots of a specific area, window, or full screen. Pressing Windows Key + Shift + S opens the screen snipping menu, letting you select a rectangular area, freeform area, window, or full screen. After selection, the screenshot is copied to the clipboard, and you can paste it into apps like Paint, Word, or email.

Option C

In C programming, floating point data types are used to represent real numbers, numbers that have fractional parts or decimals points.

• float
• double
• long double

#include <stdio.h>
#include <float.h>
void main()
{
    printf("Suraku Academy\n");
    printf("Size of float : %zu Bytes\n", sizeof(float));
    printf("Size of double : %zu Bytes\n", sizeof(double));
    printf("Size of long double : %zu Bytes\n", sizeof(long double));
    printf("Range and Precision:\n");
    printf("Float: Min : %e, Max : %e, Precision : %d Digits\n",FLT_MIN, FLT_MAX, FLT_DIG);
    printf("Double: Min : %e, Max : %e, Precision : %d Digits\n",DBL_MIN, DBL_MAX, DBL_DIG);
    printf("Long Double: Min : %Le, Max : %Le, Precision : %d digits\n",LDBL_MIN, LDBL_MAX, LDBL_DIG);
}

Output

Suraku Academy
Size of float : 4 Bytes
Size of double : 8 Bytes
Size of long double : 16 Bytes
Range and Precision:
Float: Min : 1.175494e-38, Max : 3.402823e+38, Precision : 6 Digits
Double: Min : 2.225074e-308, Max : 1.797693e+308, Precision : 15 Digits
Long Double: Min : 3.362103e-4932, Max : 1.189731e+4932, Precision : 18 digits

• In C, the format specifier %zu is used to printing results of sizeof or variables declared as size_t type. The sizeof operator returned size_t which is an unsigned integer type.
• In C, the format specifier %e is used for prints floating point numbers (float, double, long double) in scientific (exponential) notation.

Option C

System Software is the type of software that manages computer hardware and provides a platform for running application software. Common examples of system software include the Operating System (OS), utility programs, and language translators such as compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.

Application Software is designed to help users perform specific tasks or solve particular problems. It runs on top of system software and allows users to do activities like creating documents, managing databases, browsing the internet, or editing images. Examples include word processors, spreadsheet software, Database Management Systems (DBMS) software, and web browsers.

Utility Programs are System Software tools that help maintain, manage, and protect a computer. Examples include Antivirus Software for security, Disk Cleanup tools for removing unnecessary files, file compression software like WinRAR (Windows Roshal ARchive) or 7-Zip for reducing file size, backup software for data safety, and disk defragmenters for improving storage performance.

• A Database Management System (DBMS), such as MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, or MS Access, is an application software that allows users to store, organize, retrieve, and manage data efficiently.