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[ Option C ]

[ Option A ]

In wireless networking, IEEE 802.11 is the standard that defines Wi-Fi networks. Under this standard, a Basic Service Set (BSS) is the fundamental building block of a wireless LAN. There are two primary types of network configurations:

Infrastructure Mode : This setup includes a central Access Point (AP) that coordinates communication between wireless devices (stations). Multiple BSS can be interconnected via access points.

Ad hoc Mode (Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)) :This setup does not have an access point. Wireless devices communicate directly with each other, forming a temporary or decentralized network. 
Ad hoc networks are typically used for small, temporary networks where no central infrastructure exists, like in Peer-to-Peer connections.

[ Option C ]

In text normalization, Lemmatization reduces words to their base or dictionary form. For instance, words like “better”, “best”, and “good” can all be lemmatized to “good”, depending on context. Similarly, “studying”, “studies”, and “studied” are mapped to “study”. This process helps in natural language processing by treating different forms of the same word as a single entity.

[ Option D ]

In network congestion control, there are two main approaches, Open-Loop and Closed-Loop control.
Open-Loop Congestion Control tries to prevent congestion before it happens. It uses policies set at the design or setup stage rather than reacting to network conditions. The Admission Policy, Discarding Policy, and Window Policy are example of open-loop control.
Closed-Loop Congestion Control, is reactive, it monitors the network and takes action when congestion is detected. The Choke Packet is an example of closed-loop control. It is a signal sent by the router to the source to slow down transmission when congestion occurs.

[ Option A ]

Frame Relay and ATM both are data communication technologies used for transferring data across networks.
Frame Relay sends data in the form of frames, which are variable-length packets. This means the size of the frame can change depending on the amount of data being transmitted.
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), on the other hand, transmits data in fixed-size packets called cells. Each cell is 53 bytes long (48 bytes of data + 5 bytes of header).

[ Option B ]

The Domain Name System (DNS) is used to translate human-readable website names (www.surakuacademy.com) into IP addresses that computers use to communicate. The Domain Name Space is organized like an inverted tree structure, where:

The Domain Name Space allows multiple levels in this hierarchy, each level represents one “LABEL” (a part between dots). According to DNS standards (RFC 1035), the maximum number of levels allowed in a domain name is 128 including the root.