Computer Networks Miscellaneous : MCQs & PYQs with Explanation

Option C

Option A

In wireless networking, IEEE 802.11 is the standard that defines Wi-Fi networks. Under this standard, a Basic Service Set (BSS) is the fundamental building block of a wireless LAN. There are two primary types of network configurations:

Infrastructure Mode : This setup includes a central Access Point (AP) that coordinates communication between wireless devices (stations). Multiple BSS can be interconnected via access points.

Ad hoc Mode (Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)) :This setup does not have an access point. Wireless devices communicate directly with each other, forming a temporary or decentralized network. 
Ad hoc networks are typically used for small, temporary networks where no central infrastructure exists, like in Peer-to-Peer connections.

Option C

In text normalization, Lemmatization reduces words to their base or dictionary form. For instance, words like “better”, “best”, and “good” can all be lemmatized to “good”, depending on context. Similarly, “studying”, “studies”, and “studied” are mapped to “study”. This process helps in natural language processing by treating different forms of the same word as a single entity.

Option D

The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) system architecture is broadly divided into three major subsystems, the Radio Subsystem, the Network and Switching Subsystem, and the Operation Support Subsystem.
Together, these subsystems provide radio communication, call/data switching, mobility management, and network operation and maintenance.

• The Radio Subsystem is responsible for communication between the mobile station and the GSM network. It mainly includes the Mobile Station (MS) and the Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
• The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) handles functions such as call switching, mobility management, authentication, and routing of calls and messages.
• The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS) supports the operation, administration, maintenance, and monitoring of the GSM network.

Option C

In WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), the technique used is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). It works by:

• Dividing a high-speed data stream into multiple low-speed sub-signals.
• Transmitting them simultaneously over different orthogonal subcarriers.
• This reduces interference and improves data reliability. It is widely used in standards like, IEEE 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac.

Option D

In network congestion control, there are two main approaches, Open-Loop and Closed-Loop control.
Open-Loop Congestion Control tries to prevent congestion before it happens. It uses policies set at the design or setup stage rather than reacting to network conditions. The Admission Policy, Discarding Policy, and Window Policy are example of open-loop control.
Closed-Loop Congestion Control, is reactive, it monitors the network and takes action when congestion is detected. The Choke Packet is an example of closed-loop control. It is a signal sent by the router to the source to slow down transmission when congestion occurs.

Option B

In wireless networking, IEEE 802.11 is the standard that defines Wi-Fi networks. Under this standard, a Basic Service Set (BSS) is the fundamental building block of a wireless LAN. There are two primary types of network configurations:
Infrastructure Mode : This setup includes a central Access Point (AP) that coordinates communication between wireless devices (stations). Multiple BSS can be interconnected via access points.
Ad hoc Mode (Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)) :This setup does not have an access point. Wireless devices communicate directly with each other, forming a temporary or decentralized network.

Option B

HTTP, HTML, and TCP/IP are all related to computer networking and the Internet. 

• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is used for transferring web pages on the Internet.
• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to create web pages that are displayed in web browsers. 
• TCP/IP is the basic protocol suite that allows communication and data transfer over the Internet.

The FCFS (First Come First Serve) is a CPU scheduling algorithm used in operating systems to decide the order in which processes are executed by the CPU.

Option D

In mobile communication, when a user moves from the coverage area of one base station to another during a call, the call connection is automatically transferred to the new base station. This process is called Hand Off or Handover.
Handoff ensures that the call continues without interruption while the user is moving.
For example, while talking on a mobile phone in a moving car, the call is transferred from one cell tower to another automatically.

Option A

X.12 is a standard developed by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) for Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). 
EDI is the electronic exchange of machine-readable business information between organizations in a standardized format. It allows businesses to exchange documents such as purchase orders, invoices, shipping information, and payment details electronically instead of using paper documents.
The X.12 standard defines the format and structure of business transactions so that different organizations and computer systems can exchange information accurately and consistently.
For example, when a retailer sends a purchase order electronically to a supplier, both organizations can use an EDI standard such as ANSI X12 so that their computer systems can understand and process the exchanged information.