Miscellaneous Networking MCQs : MCQs & PYQs with Explanation

Option C

Option A

In wireless networking, IEEE 802.11 is the standard that defines Wi-Fi networks. Under this standard, a Basic Service Set (BSS) is the fundamental building block of a wireless LAN. There are two primary types of network configurations:

Infrastructure Mode : This setup includes a central Access Point (AP) that coordinates communication between wireless devices (stations). Multiple BSS can be interconnected via access points.

Ad hoc Mode (Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)) :This setup does not have an access point. Wireless devices communicate directly with each other, forming a temporary or decentralized network. 
Ad hoc networks are typically used for small, temporary networks where no central infrastructure exists, like in Peer-to-Peer connections.

Option C

In text normalization, Lemmatization reduces words to their base or dictionary form. For instance, words like “better”, “best”, and “good” can all be lemmatized to “good”, depending on context. Similarly, “studying”, “studies”, and “studied” are mapped to “study”. This process helps in natural language processing by treating different forms of the same word as a single entity.

Option C

In WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), the technique used is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). It works by:

• Dividing a high-speed data stream into multiple low-speed sub-signals.
• Transmitting them simultaneously over different orthogonal subcarriers.
• This reduces interference and improves data reliability. It is widely used in standards like, IEEE 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac.

Option D

In network congestion control, there are two main approaches, Open-Loop and Closed-Loop control.
Open-Loop Congestion Control tries to prevent congestion before it happens. It uses policies set at the design or setup stage rather than reacting to network conditions. The Admission Policy, Discarding Policy, and Window Policy are example of open-loop control.
Closed-Loop Congestion Control, is reactive, it monitors the network and takes action when congestion is detected. The Choke Packet is an example of closed-loop control. It is a signal sent by the router to the source to slow down transmission when congestion occurs.

Option B

HTTP, HTML, and TCP/IP are all related to computer networking and the Internet. 

• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is used for transferring web pages on the Internet.
• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to create web pages that are displayed in web browsers. 
• TCP/IP is the basic protocol suite that allows communication and data transfer over the Internet.

The FCFS (First Come First Serve) is a CPU scheduling algorithm used in operating systems to decide the order in which processes are executed by the CPU.

Option D

In mobile communication, when a user moves from the coverage area of one base station to another during a call, the call connection is automatically transferred to the new base station. This process is called Hand Off or Handover.
Handoff ensures that the call continues without interruption while the user is moving.
For example, while talking on a mobile phone in a moving car, the call is transferred from one cell tower to another automatically.

Option A

Frame Relay and ATM both are data communication technologies used for transferring data across networks.
Frame Relay sends data in the form of frames, which are variable-length packets. This means the size of the frame can change depending on the amount of data being transmitted.
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), on the other hand, transmits data in fixed-size packets called cells. Each cell is 53 bytes long (48 bytes of data + 5 bytes of header).

Option B

The Domain Name System (DNS) is used to translate human-readable website names (www.surakuacademy.com) into IP addresses that computers use to communicate. The Domain Name Space is organized like an inverted tree structure, where:

The Domain Name Space allows multiple levels in this hierarchy, each level represents one “LABEL” (a part between dots). According to DNS standards (RFC 1035), the maximum number of levels allowed in a domain name is 128 including the root.

Option B

In networking, performance can be improved by keeping multiple copies of data on different servers so that users can access data faster and reduce load on a single server. This concept is known as server Replication.
Mirroring is a technique where an exact copy of data is maintained on another server. When one server is busy or fails, the mirrored server can serve the request, thus improving performance and availability.

• Caching stores frequently accessed data temporarily.
• Compression reduces data size.

Option C

Distributed Computing is a computing model in which multiple computers connected through a network work together to perform tasks and share resources.

• A LAN (Local Area Network) connects multiple computers within a limited area and supports distributed resource sharing.
• Mobile Networks connect many devices and systems over communication networks.
• The Internet is one of the largest examples of distributed computing where millions of computers communicate and share information globally.

However, Parallel Computing is different from distributed computing because, in parallel computing, multiple processors work simultaneously on different parts of the same problem to increase processing speed. 
These processors are usually present within a single computer system or in a tightly coupled system where memory and resources are shared directly.