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[ Option B ]

Phreaking is an early phone hacking method from the 1960s and 70s where hackers used special sounds to trick telephone systems. They played a 2600 Hz tone to control the phone switches and make free long-distance calls. Tools called "blue boxes" were made to create these tones, and famous phreakers like John Draper (“Captain Crunch”) used a cereal box whistle that made the same tone.

[ Option A ]

Aircrack-ng is a widely used toolset for Wi-Fi hacking and security testing. It includes tools for capturing network traffic, testing wireless card capabilities, and cracking WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), and WPA2 encryption keys.

It supports various attacks such as deauthentication and replay attacks to capture handshake data needed for cracking passwords. This tool is popular among security professionals and hackers for analyzing and testing Wi-Fi network security.

Wireshark is a powerful packet analyzer useful for inspecting network traffic and can assist in wireless troubleshooting or analysis, but it is not primarily a Wi-Fi cracking tool.

[ Option C ]

A Computer Virus is a type of malicious software that attaches itself to files or programs and can spread from one system to another. Just like a biological virus, it has a life cycle made up of different stages.

[ Option A ]

Cryptography, the science of securing communication by using encryption and decryption techniques.

The information that gets transformed during encryption is called Plain Text. Plain text refers to the original, human-readable data such as messages, files, or any sensitive information.

Encryption is the process of converting readable information, called plain text, into an unreadable or scrambled format known as Cipher Text, using algorithms and cryptographic keys. The Cipher Text, ensures that unauthorized users cannot understand it without the proper key.

Decryption is the reverse of encryption. It transforms encrypted data (cipher text) back into its original readable form (plain text) using a decryption key.

[ Option C ]

The Creeper virus, created in 1970s by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies, is considered the first computer virus. It was an experimental self-replicating program that moved across ARPANET and displayed the message: "I'M THE CREEPER, CATCH ME IF YOU CAN!".

[ Option D ]

Hacktivism is the combination of "hacking" and "activism." It refers to the act of breaking into computer systems or networks with the intention of promoting political or social causes (not for financial gain).
Hacktivists use hacking techniques to raise awareness, protest against injustices, or support specific movements by targeting organizations, governments, or corporations they oppose.
Common hacktivist activities include:

• Website defacements.
• Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.
• Leaking confidential information to expose organizations or governments.

[ Option D ]

Password Cracking is the process of attempting to discover or recover a password to gain unauthorized or authorized access to a system, account, or network. It is performed either to recover forgotten passwords or, more maliciously, to break into systems by guessing the correct password.

Attackers use various automated tools and techniques to systematically guess or decrypt passwords by exploiting weak or commonly used ones.

1. Guessing, the attacker manually guesses passwords based on known information about the victim such as names, birthdays, or common passwords.
2. Brute Force Attack, this method tries every possible combination of characters until the correct password is found. It is simple but can be time-consuming, effective mostly against short or weak passwords.
3. Syllable Attack, a syllable (pronounceable) attack makes likely passwords by joining small, easy-to-say parts (syllables), the kind of words people choose because they are memorable. For example, it might try combinations like "pa" + "ss" + "word" is "password" or "su" + "ra" + "ku" is "suraku".
4. Dictionary Attack, it uses a precompiled list (dictionary) of common words, phrases, or known passwords to guess the correct password. This is faster than brute force if the password is common or predictable.
5. Hybrid Attack, it combines dictionary and brute force methods by using dictionary words with added numbers or symbols. This expands the guessing capability while focusing on likely password patterns.
6. Credential Stuffing, it utilizes leaked username-password pairs from previous breaches to try and gain unauthorized access to accounts where users reuse passwords across sites.
7. Rainbow Table Attack, it uses precomputed tables of hashed passwords to reverse the hashing process and find the original password quickly, especially if weak or unsalted hashes are used.

[ Option C ]

A Rootkit is a type of Malicious Software (Malware) designed to gain unauthorized administrator-level control over an operating system. Once installed, it alters the normal functioning of the OS, allowing the attacker to take full control of the system and act as its administrator.

Rootkits are especially dangerous because they actively hide themselves, making detection and removal very difficult.