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[ Option D ]

A telephone device has several main components:

[ Option D ]

When we access a website, we use a web address (URL) that contains several parts, each serving a specific function, from identifying the protocol used to specifying the exact web page we want to view.

In the web address (URL), http://www.ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm

[ Option B ]

In GSM architecture, the Home Location Register (HLR) is a central database that stores permanent subscriber information, such as the subscriber’s profile, services, and current location. When a subscriber roams into a new area, the Visitor Location Register (VLR) temporarily stores a local copy of the subscriber’s data from the HLR.

[ Option B ]

An Ethernet card is also commonly known as a Network Interface Card (NIC). It is a hardware component that allows a computer to connect to a network, usually a Local Area Network (LAN), using Ethernet technology.

The unique ID of a NIC on the Ethernet network is called its MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is a 48-bit (6 bytes) hexadecimal number, usually written in six pairs of hexadecimal digits separated by colons or hyphens, for example:

00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E

• The first 3 bytes (24 bits) identify the manufacturer of the NIC.
• The last 3 bytes (24 bits) are a unique number assigned by the manufacturer to each device.
• This makes every NIC in the world have a unique MAC address.

[ Option C ]

WiFi and WiMAX are two popular wireless communication technologies, but they differ in coverage and standards. WiFi, based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, is mainly used for creating local area wireless networks with coverage typically up to 100 meters.

On the other hand, WiMAX is defined under the IEEE 802.16 standard and is designed for broadband wireless access over much larger distances, covering up to several kilometers.

The IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE develops global standards and supports a large community of engineers and scientists worldwide.

• 802.3 : Ethernet (Wired LAN standard, Data Link & Physical Layer).
• IEEE 802.5 : Token Ring LAN.
• 802.11 : WiFi (Wireless LAN).
• 802.15 : Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN, Bluetooth).
• 802.16 : WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, Broadband Wireless Access).
• IEEE 1394 : FireWire (High-speed serial bus for multimedia devices).

[ Option A ]

When you type a word or phrase into the search box of a search engine like Google or Bing, that input is called search query or more commonly keywords. The search engine uses these keywords to find and display relevant results from its database.

[ Option A ]

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a digital cellular technology that combines multiple access techniques to efficiently use the available radio spectrum.

GSM uses Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) to divide the available frequency bands into separate channels, and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to divide each frequency channel into time slots that can be shared by multiple users.

[ Option A ]

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and a server over a network. FTP allows users to upload, download, rename, delete, and manage files on remote servers efficiently.

[ Option B ]

WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is the most widely used Wi-Fi security protocol. It was introduced in 2004 and uses AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for strong encryption and security.

[ Option C ]

HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) is the secure version of HTTP, which is used for communication between a web browser and a web server. 
Unlike regular HTTP, HTTPS provides encryption and security using the SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) or TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocols. This ensures that any data exchanged, such as passwords, card details, or personal details is protected from unauthorized access.
Every network service on the internet uses a specific port number to communicate. By default, HTTP uses port 80, while HTTPs uses port 443.

[ Option C ]

In data communication, signals are used to transmit information between devices. There are two main types:

• Analog Signal : A continuous signal that varies smoothly over time , representing data like sound or light waves.
• Digital Signal : A discrete or discontinuous signal represented by binary values (0s and 1s).

Repeater : A device that amplifies weak signals and retransmits them to extend network distance.
Hub : A device that connects multiple devices in a network and forwards data to all connected (broadcasting) devices.

[ Option A ]

WWW (World Wide Web) is not a search engine, it is a system of interlinked hypertext documents (collection of websites) accessible via the Internet. It is the platform on which websites and search engines operate.

A Search Engine is a software system that helps users find information on the Internet. It works by crawling web pages, indexing their content, and then retrieving the most relevant results when a user enters a query.

Search engines use algorithms to rank web pages based on factors like keywords, content quality, backlinks, and user engagement. The list of some important search engine are:

[ Option A ]

The standard port number for HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is 80. Port 80 is the default port used for web servers serving unencrypted traffic over HTTP.

[ Option B ]

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number used to uniquely identify a device on a network. It is usually represented in dotted decimal notation as four decimal numbers separated by dots, e.g., 192.248.0.1, where each number represents 8 bits.

[ Option A ]

Ethernet networks use MAC (Media Access Control) addresses as their physical addresses, which are permanently imprinted on the Network Interface Card (NIC) by the manufacturer. A MAC address is 48 bits long, equivalent to 6 bytes, and is usually represented in hexadecimal notation.
This unique identifier ensures that devices within the same local network can correctly recognize and communicate with each other.

[ Option B ]

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand and standardize how different networking systems communicate over a network. It divides network communication into 7 layers, each serving a specific function.

[ Option A ]

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used to transfer email messages from the sender's mail server to the recipient's mail server across the internet. It is an application layer protocol that uses TCP to reliably send and relay email messages between servers until reaching the destination server.

• SMTP takes care of the sending and forwarding of emails across networks but does not handle retrieving or storing emails on client devices.

The IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) and POP (Post Office Protocol) are involved in email retrieval from mail servers to client devices, not in sending emails through the internet. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a transport protocol used for fast, connectionless communication. 

[ Option D ]

In a Bus Topology, all computers are connected to a single central cable called the bus or backbone. Data sent by one computer is received by all others on the same network segment. This design makes it simple and inexpensive, but also less secure and less reliable compared to other topologies.

Network Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of computers, cables, and other devices in a network. It defines how nodes (computers, printers, switches, etc.) are connected and how data flows between them. There are two main types:

• Physical Topology: The actual layout of cables, wires, and devices.
• Logical Topology: How data flows across the network, regardless of physical connections.

Choosing the right topology affects network performance, scalability, cost, and reliability.

[ Option D ]

Physical Layer of the OSI model deals with the transmission of raw bitstreams over a physical medium. Network devices operating at the physical layer are responsible for transmitting and regenerating signals without interpreting the data.
Repeaters regenerate and amplify signals to extend the range of a network without any processing of the data.
Hubs serve as basic central connection points in Ethernet networks, forwarding signals to all ports and operating purely at the physical layer.

[ Option D ]

A computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected to share resources and data.
PAN (Personal Area Network) is a type of computer network. PAN refers to a network for interconnecting devices within a very small area, typically within a person's reach (e.g., Bluetooth devices).
Ring, Bus, Star , Tree, Mesh and Hybrid, are types of network topologies. They describe how computers or devices are physically or logically connected in a network.

[ Option A ]

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It was developed by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) in the late 1980s. In the context of mobile computing, GSM is the widely adopted standard for cellular networks.
It defines the protocols for digital mobile communication, enabling voice calls, text messaging, and data transfer over mobile networks.

[ Option A ]

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number used to uniquely identify a device on a network. It is usually represented in dotted decimal notation as four decimal numbers separated by dots, e.g., 192.248.0.1, where each number represents 8 bits.

[ Option C ]

A Switch is an intelligent networking device used to connect multiple computers or devices within a Local Area Network (LAN).

The switch operates at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI Model and is capable of reading the MAC (Media Access Control) address from each incoming data packet. The switch then forwards the packet only to the specific device (destination) for which it is intended.

This selective forwarding reduces network traffic and collisions, improving overall network efficiency and security.

[ Option B ]

When a computer is connected to the internet, it needs a way to identify itself uniquely so that data can be sent and received correctly. This unique identity is called an IP Address (Internet Protocol Address).

• No two devices on the same network can have the same IP address simultaneously, this uniqueness is essential for routing data correctly.

[ Option A ]

Ethernet networks use MAC (Media Access Control) addresses as their physical addresses, which are permanently imprinted on the Network Interface Card (NIC) by the manufacturer. A MAC address is 48 bits long, equivalent to 6 bytes, and is usually represented in hexadecimal notation. 
This unique identifier ensures that devices within the same local network can correctly recognize and communicate with each other.

[ Option D ]

HTTP is the foundation of communication on the World Wide Web (WWW). It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted between a web browser (client) and a web server (server). When you type https://www.surakuacademy.com, your browser uses HTTP to request the webpage from the server.

[ Option A ]

Ethernet is the most widely used Local Area Network (LAN) technology. It defines both the Physical Layer (cabling, signaling) and the Data Link Layer (framing, access control). Because multiple devices share the same communication medium, Ethernet uses a Medium Access Control (MAC) mechanism to decide who can transmit at a given time.
The original Ethernet (Coaxial) and early shared-media Ethernet used CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).
 

[ Option C ]

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to map an IP Address (Logical Address) to a physical MAC Address (Physical Address) in a network.
For example, when a computer wants to send data to another device on the same network, it first uses ARP to find out the MAC address corresponding to the known IP address. This ensures that the data packets are delivered to the correct device.

[ Option B ]

A Repeater is a networking device used to amplify and regenerate weak signals to extend the transmission distance between network devices. Repeaters operate at the Physical Layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model and do not route or manage traffic. They simply regenerate signals to maintain quality over longer distances.

Modem: A device that converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals for transmission over telephone lines or cable networks, and vice versa. It enables devices to connect to the Internet.

Router: A networking device that directs data packets between different networks, such as between a LAN and the Internet, ensuring that data reaches the correct destination efficiently.

[ Option D ]

Data Transfer Rate is the measurement of how much data (in bits or bytes) is transmitted from one place (source) to another (destination) in a given amount of time, typically one second.

It is commonly measured in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps), or gigabits per second (Gbps).

[ Option C ]

All search engines use Metadata, which is data about data. Metadata provides information describing other data, for example, a file’s name, size, date created, author, or content type.

In the context of Search Engines, metadata helps in organizing, indexing, and retrieving web pages efficiently. For instance, HTML meta tags (title, description, keywords) tell search engines what a webpage is about, improving its visibility in search results.

[ Option D ]

Ping is a network utility used to test the connectivity between your computer and another device on a network using its IP address or domain name.
It works by sending ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Echo Request messages to the target device and waits for an Echo Reply.
 

[ Option B ]

Every website on the internet has a unique address that helps browsers locate and access it. This address is known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
A URL typically consists of: https://www.surakuacademy.com/rssb-previous-exam-computer-question-solution, where

[ Option B ]

Web Hosting is a service that allows individuals or organizations to publish a website on the Internet. Hosting providers maintain servers that are always connected to the Internet, ensuring the website is available 24×7 globally.

[ Option A ]

In a Mesh Topology, every computer (node) is connected directly to every other computer in the network. If there are n computers, each computer connects to (n − 1) others.
Number of connections (links / wires) = (n*(n-1))/2. If there are 5 computers, then (5*(5-4)/2) = 5*4/2 =10. So, 10 cables are required to form a full mesh.

• Note, Mesh Topology offers high reliability and fault tolerance, but requires many cables as the network grows.

[ Option A ]

Modes of data exchange, also called communication modes, describe how data flows between two devices.

[ Option C ]

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used to transfer files between a client and a server on a network. In FTP, data can be transferred using different transmission modes that determine how the file data is sent over the connection.

• Stream Mode is the default mode where data is sent as a continuous stream of bytes without any additional processing until the end-of-file is reached. TCP ensures reliability.
• Block Mode transfers data in blocks, where each block contains a header that describes the block size and type. This is useful for structured data transfers.
• Compressed Mode compresses the data before transmission, reducing the size of the file to speed up transfer, usually using run-length encoding.
   

[ Option A ]

For simple internet connectivity at home, the gateway that allows users to connect to the Internet is typically provided by the Internet Service Provider (ISP).

When you access the internet from your home (through Wi-Fi, broadband, or mobile data), your ISP provides the necessary network connection, IP address, and routing to link your local network to the global Internet. Some examples of ISP are BSNL,VI,  Airtel, Jio, ACT, Hathway, etc.

[ Option D ]

A network protocol defines rules for communication between devices. Reliability in networking means data is delivered correctly and in order.

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is the most reliable protocol as it establishes a connection between sender and receiver and ensures that data is transmitted accurately and in order. It incorporates error-checking, acknowledgment, and retransmission mechanisms.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transferring files but relies on TCP for reliable transmission.
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is faster but less reliable because it does not guarantee delivery or order of packets.
• POP (Post Office Protocol) is used for retrieving emails from a server and depends on TCP for reliable communication.

Therefore, TCP is the most reliable protocol.

[ Option D ]

In a Local Area Network (LAN), devices can be connected either wirelessly using Wi-Fi or wired using Ethernet Cables. Ethernet cables provide a reliable, high-speed, and stable connection between computers, printers, switches, and other network devices within the LAN.

[ Option D ]

A Digital Signature is a cryptographic tool used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a message. It ensures that the sender of the message can be verified (Authentication) and that the message has not been altered in transit (Integrity). Digital signatures also provide Non-Repudiation, meaning the sender cannot deny having sent the message.

However, Digital Signatures do not provide Confidentiality, they do not encrypt the content of the message.

[ Option A ]

BCC stands for Blind Carbon Copy. It is used in E-Mails to send a copy of the message to additional recipients without showing their email addresses to the other recipients.

[ Option B ]

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology converts analog voice signals into digital data and then transmits them over broadband internet lines. This digital conversion allows voice communication to be sent as packets over IP networks rather than traditional telephone lines.

• VoIP uses an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) to sample and digitize the analog voice signals.
• These digital signals are then compressed, packetized, and sent over the internet.
• On the receiving end, the digital signals are converted back to analog for playback.
• Examples include Skype, Zoom voice calls, Google Meet audio, and other internet calling services.

[ Option B ]

All information transmitted over the Internet uses the Packet Switching method. In packet switching, data is broken into small packets before being sent across the network.

• Each packet contains the source address, destination address, and sequence information, allowing it to find the best route to the destination independently.
• At the destination, packets are reassembled to form the original data.

Switching Techniques are methods used in network communication to transfer data from a source device to a destination device across a network. They determine how data travels, whether through a dedicated path, divided into packets, or stored temporarily before forwarding.

[ Option C ]

IPSEC, IP encapsulation, and tunneling are technologies used primarily in Virtual Private Network (VPN) to securely transmit data over public or untrusted networks like the Internet.

• IPSEC (Internet Protocol Security) provides encryption and authentication at the IP layer.
• IP Encapsulation wraps data packets so they can travel securely through the VPN tunnel.
• Tunneling enables data to be sent from one network to another safely even over an insecure network.

[ Option D ]

Modes of data exchange, also called communication modes, describe how data flows between two devices.

[ Option C ]

Remote Login allows a user to access and control a computer from a different location over a network, typically the Internet. Telnet (Terminal Network) is a protocol used for remote login, allowing users to log in to a remote computer and execute commands as if they were physically present. Telnet uses Port 23.

[ Option B ]

A Cookie is a small text file stored on a user’s computer by a web browser when visiting a website.
Cookies store information about the user's interactions and preferences on the site to provide a better personalized experience. They help websites remember login status, items in shopping carts, user settings, and track user activity for analytics or advertising.

Session Cookies are temporary cookies that are created when a user starts an online session and are automatically deleted when the browser is closed or the session expires.

[ Option B ]

Single Parity Check, Checksum, and Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) are primarily error detection methods. They detect if an error has occurred in the transmitted data but do not necessarily correct the errors.
Hamming Distance refers to Hamming Code, which is a method used for both error detection and error correction. It can detect and correct single-bit errors by adding redundant bits to the data.

[ Option A ]

[ Option B ]

A Network Layer firewall functions as a Packet Filter. It examines and manages the flow of data packets according to rules defined by IP addresses, Port Numbers, and communication protocols. Operating at the Network Layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model, this type of firewall makes decisions on whether to permit or deny packets without analyzing the actual data content inside them.

[ Option B ]

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), is the standard protocol used to transfer web pages over the internet. It works at the Application Layer, allowing communication between web browsers and web servers. When a browser requests a webpage, HTTP facilitates sending that request to the server and receiving the webpage content, such as HTML, images, and videos, in response.

This protocol follows a client-server model, where the browser acts as the client initiating the request, and the server processes the request and sends back the required webpage data. Through this request-response communication, HTTP enables users to access and view websites on the internet efficiently.