ELEVATE SKILLS!
Q: 1 Which type of database consists of only one table?
Relational
Large
Flat-File
DBMS
[ Option C ]
A Flat-File database stores data in a single table or file, usually in a simple format such as a text file or spreadsheet. It does not support relationships between multiple tables. For example, a CSV (Comma Separated Values) file containing student records is a flat-file database.
Q: 2 Which of the following describes a major advantage of using a database for storing data?
The data has a better chance of being available to users in an accurate and consistent form.
All data is stored in one place and is therefore more vulnerable to loss or destruction.
Bureaucratic procedures may make it difficult for users to access data.
Data retrieval cannot be optimized for a specific application.
[ Option A ]
One of the major advantages of using a database for storing data is that it ensures accuracy, consistency, and integrity of data. A database system uses integrity constraints, controlled access, and centralized management to maintain data in a reliable form.
Q: 3 DBMS stands for?
Database Management Security
Database Management System
Database Manager Security
Database Manipulation System
[ Option B ]
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, manage, and access databases efficiently. It helps in storing, organizing, and retrieving data in a structured way.
Q: 4 Which database design is independent of both software and hardware?
Logical
Conceptual
Physical
None of the above
[ Option B ]
At the Conceptual Level, the focus is on the overall structure, entities, relationships, and constraints, without considering how the database will be implemented in any specific DBMS or on any particular hardware.
Q: 5 The level of data abstraction that describes what data is stored and the relationships among the data is called the:
Physical Level
View Level
Conceptual Level
Storage Level
[ Option C ]
The Conceptual Level of data abstraction describes what data is stored in the database and what relationships exist among that data.
At this level, the focus is on the overall logical structure of the database, such as entities, attributes, and relationships, without worrying about how the data is physically stored on disk.
The conceptual level is also called the logical level in a database management system.
Q: 6 The set of permitted values for each attribute in a database is called the:
Attribute set
Attribute range
Domain
Group
[ Option C ]
In DBMS, a domain defines the allowed set of values that an attribute can take. It specifies the data type, size, format, and possible range of values for an attribute.
E.g.:
Q: 7 Correct order of database abstraction levels, from the highest level of abstraction to the lowest level of abstraction is:
Physical level, View level, Logical level
View level, Logical level, Physical level
Physical level, Logical level, View level
Logical level, Physical level, View leve
[ Option B ]
In a database management system, the three levels of data abstraction are organized to simplify data management and improve security.
| ABSTRACTION LEVEL | DESCRIPTION | PURPOSE |
|---|---|---|
| View Level | Highest level of abstraction. It shows how users interact with data through customized views that hide complexity. | Used by end users and application programs to access only relevant data. |
| Logical Level | Describes what data is stored in the database and relationships among them. Defines schema, tables, fields, and constraints. | Used by database designers and DBAs to design overall database structure. |
| Physical Level | Lowest level of abstraction. It describes how data is physically stored on disk (files, blocks, indexes). | Used by system administrators and DBMS software to optimize performance and storage. |
Q: 8 An organized collection of logically related data is called—
Transaction
Metadata
Database
Data type
[ Option C ]
An organized collection of logically related data is called a Database. A database is designed to efficiently store, manage, and retrieve large amounts of data.
A Student database stores data like name, roll number, class, fees, marks, percentage, all related to Students.
Q: 9 Data about data is consider as:
Metadata
Dictionary
Data bank
None of the above
[ Option A ]
Metadata means data that describes other data. It provides information such as data type, size, format, constraints, and meaning of the actual data stored in a database.
Q: 10 A _________ consists of linked tables that form one overall data structure.
Database System
Data Structure
File Processing System
File Oriented System
[ Option A ]
A Database System is a collection of interrelated or linked tables that together form a single, integrated data structure. These tables are connected through relationships such as primary keys and foreign keys, allowing data to be stored efficiently and accessed easily.
Q: 11 In context of the major disadvantages of file processing system over database system, consider the following statements :
I. The same information may be duplicated in several files; and this problem is known redundancy.
II. The various copies of the same data may no longer agree; and this problem is known as data inconsistency.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are true?
Only I
Only II
Both I and II
Neither I nor II
[ Option C ]
In a traditional File Processing system, data is stored in separate files for different applications. Since there is no central control or integration like in a Database Management System (DBMS), several problems can occur.
| DISADVANTAGE | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLE |
|---|---|---|
| Data Redundancy | Same data is stored in multiple files, leading to unnecessary duplication. | Student’s name and address stored in both Student and Fee files. |
| Data Inconsistency | Different copies of the same data may not match if one is updated and others are not. | One file shows old mobile number, another shows new. |
| Data Isolation | Data is scattered in separate files and formats, making it hard to access and combine. | The marks data in one file and attendance data in another cannot be easily linked. |
| Lack of Data Security | No centralized control, any user can access or modify files without restrictions. | Unauthorized user changes salary details in an employee file. |
| Difficulty in Data Access | Retrieving specific information often requires writing complex programs. | To find top 3 students, separate programs must be written for each file. |
| Integrity Problems | Rules or constraints are difficult to enforce across files. | Two students may accidentally get the same roll number. |
| Concurrency Issues | Multiple users accessing the same file simultaneously can cause data conflicts. | Two clerks update the same record at the same time, leading to errors. |
| Poor Backup and Recovery | No automatic system for restoring data after crashes or failures. | If a file is deleted, recovery is difficult or impossible. |
Q: 12 What is the primary difference between a schema and an instance in a database?
Schema changes frequently while instance remains constant.
Schema is data at a moment, instance is its structure.
Schema is the structure, instance is the data.
Schema and instance are always identical.
[ Option C ]
The Schema refers to the overall design or structure of the database, defining how data is organized, such as the tables, fields, and relationships among them. It acts as a blueprint and usually remains unchanged over time.
An Instance represents the actual data stored in the database at a particular point in time. Since data is constantly being inserted, updated, or deleted, instances change frequently.
Therefore, the primary difference is that the schema defines the structure, while the instance represents the data.
Q: 13 The situation where the same information is duplicated in several places is called:
Atomicity
Data isolation
Data redundancy
Data inconsistency
[ Option C ]
Data Redundancy refers to the unnecessary duplication of the same data at multiple locations in a database.
Q: 14 Any relation that is not a part of the Logical Model, but is made visible to a user as a virtual relation is called a –
Tuple
View
Instance
Schema
[ Option B ]
In a database, a View is a relation that does not actually exist as a stored table in the logical model. Instead, it is created using a query and shown to the user as a Virtual Table. The data in a view comes from one or more real tables, but the view itself does not store data permanently.
To create a view, we use the CREATE VIEW command followed by the view name and a SELECT query that determines the view's contents.
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Q: 15 A file is a collection of all related:
Database
Files
Records
Fields
[ Option C ]
In data organization, a file is a collection of related records. Each record consists of multiple fields that store information about a single entity.
Q: 16 Which of the following is not considered a valid database application package?
SQL server
Oracle
MS-Access
Windows NT server
[ Option D ]
SQL Server, Oracle, and MS Access are all Database Management Systems (DBMS) used to create, store, and manage databases. They provide tools for data storage, querying, security, and transaction management.
Q: 17 A user who interacts with a database system without writing programs is called a:
Naive User
Application Programmer
Sophisticated User
Specialized User
[ Option A ]
A Naive User uses the database through predefined application programs and does not write SQL queries or programs directly. For example, a bank clerk using a ready-made banking application is a naive user.
Q: 18 A data dictionary is a special file that contains:
Names of all fields in all files
Data types of all fields in all files
Width of all fields in all files
All of the above
[ Option D ]
A Data Dictionary stores metadata, that is, data about data. It provides detailed information about database objects such as field names, data types, field sizes, constraints, and relationships.
Q: 19 The collection of information stored in a database at a particular moment is called:
Instance
Schema
Data
DBMS
[ Option A ]
A database instance refers to the actual data stored in the database at a specific point in time. Since data can change due to insert, update, or delete operations, the instance also changes over time.
Q: 20 The security features of the database are set up by the _________.
Online user
Database Administrator
Naive user
Application programmer
[ Option B ]
The security features of a database are managed and controlled by the Database Administrator (DBA). The DBA is responsible for:
Q: 21 The relationship between data is defined as the __________.
Physical level
View level
Logical level
None of the above
[ Option C ]
In a database system, data is organized at different levels of abstraction, namely Physical Level, Logical Level, and View Level.
The Logical Level describes what data is stored in the database and how the data is related to each other. It defines the structure of the database, including tables, relationships, and constraints, without worrying about how the data is physically stored.
Q: 22 Information can be transferred between a DBMS and which of the following application programs?
Spreadsheet program
Word processor program
Graphics program
All of the above
[ Option D ]
A DBMS can exchange data with various application programs. Data can be exported to or imported from spreadsheet programs, word processors, and graphics programs. This capability helps in reporting, analysis, and presentation of database information.
Q: 23 Which one of the following statement is not correct?
Data models provide necessary means to achieve data abstraction.
Self-describing nature of database system is one of the characteristics of the database approach.
Database approach doesn't support data independence between data and programs.
Database approach supports multiple views of the data.
[ Option C ]
A database system is designed to separate data from programs, so that if the data structure changes, programs do not need major rewriting. This feature is called Data Independence, and it is supported by the database approach.
Q: 24 The view of a database that appears to an application program is known as:
Schema
Subschema
Virtual table
None of the above
[ Option B ]
A Subschema represents the portion of the database that is visible to an application program or a user.
It defines which tables, attributes, and relationships an application can access, thus providing data abstraction and security.
Q: 25 Typically, a database management system is managed by a person called a?
System Manager
Technology Manager
Database Manager
Database Administrator
[ Option D ]
A Database Management System (DBMS) is typically managed by a person known as the Database Administrator (DBA). The DBA is responsible for:
Q: 26 A database user can be of which of the following types?
Naive User
DBA
Application Programmer
All of the above
[ Option D ]
A database user is any person who interacts with a database system in some way.
Q: 27 The lowest level of data abstraction in a database system is the:
Logical Level
Physical Level
View Level
None of the above
[ Option B ]
In a DBMS, data abstraction is provided at three levels:
Since the physical level is the closest to actual storage, it is the lowest level of abstraction.
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