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[ Option D ]

[ Option B ]

A computer program that converts an assembly language program into its equivalent machine language is called an assembler.
Assembly language uses symbolic instructions like MOV, ADD, SUB etc. called mnemonics, which are easier for humans to understand but must be translated into binary machine code for the computer to execute.

• A compiler converts a high-level language into machine code.
• A linker combines multiple object files into a single executable.

[ Option C ]

[ Option D ]

A procedural language tells the computer how to do something step by step. These languages follow a clear set of instructions.

• FORTRAN – Formula Translation, used in scientific computing.
• COBOL – Common Business-Oriented Language, used in business applications. 
• Pascal – Used for teaching programming and basic software development, procedural in nature.
• PROLOG, on the other hand, is a logic programming language, not procedural. It is declarative, meaning you specify what you want, not how to do it. 
  • It is used in AI and symbolic reasoning tasks. In PROLOG, instead of writing step-by-step instructions, you just describe the facts and rules, and the computer figures out the answer on its own.
  • Example: You tell PROLOG: "If X is the father of Y, then X is a parent of Y." 
  • E.g.: "Suresh is the father of Maya." Then you ask: "Who is the parent of Maya?" PROLOG will figure out that it is Suresh.

[ Option A ]

Syntax Errors occur during Compile Time because the compiler checks the code for correct syntax before converting it into machine code. If there is any violation of syntax rules like missing comma, missing semicolon, missing quotes, wrong brackets, or misspelled keywords, the compiler immediately reports the error and does not allow the program to run until these errors are fixed.

[ Option A ]

Structured code means writing programs in an organized way using sequence, selection, loops, and functions or procedures. This style makes a program easier to read, understand, and maintain.
PASCAL is considered the best for writing structured code because it was specially designed for teaching good programming practices. It strongly supports structured programming and encourages programmers to divide the program into clear, logical parts.

[ Option D ]

In flowchart representations of algorithms, the Parallelogram is used to represent Input-Output operations.

[ Option B ]

A flowchart uses symbols and arrows to show the steps of a problem visually. It is a pictorial (diagrammatically) representation of how a program works.

• An algorithm is a set of step-by-step instructions to solve a problem. It is written in simple English.
• Pseudocode is also written in plain English with some programming style.

[ Option A ]

COBOL is one of the oldest high-level programming languages, mainly created for handling business-related tasks such as banking, payroll, and financial records. The full form of COBOL is Common Business Oriented Language. It was developed by CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) in the year 1959.

[ Option B ]

[ Option B ]

[ Option B ]

Assembly Language is considered a low-level language because it is closely related to the machine language instructions executed by the computer hardware. 
It uses mnemonic codes such as MOV, CALL, ADD, or SUB instead of binary machine instructions, making it slightly easier for humans to read but still very hardware-specific.

[ Option C ]

A compiler, assembler, and interpreter are all language processing tools (translator), but they work differently. 
A compiler reads the entire source program at once, checks it for errors, and then converts it into machine code. 
An assembler takes an assembly language program as input and converts it into machine code.
However, an interpreter does not execute the complete source code at once like compiler. Instead, it reads and executes the program line by line, stopping whenever it finds an error.

[ Option C ]

When we write a program in the C language, we must save the file with a specific extension so the computer and compiler know it is a C program. The standard file extension for a C program is .c.

[ Option D ]

Machine language is the lowest-level language consisting of binary instructions. It is machine dependent, meaning programs written for one type of machine cannot run on another without modification. 
It is also difficult to program because it uses only 0s and 1s, making it hard for humans to read or write. Additionally, due to its complexity, it is highly error-prone.

[ Option D ]

A compiler translates high-level language source code into machine language, processing the entire source program at once to produce an executable machine language program. 
Unlike interpreters, compilers are not involved in the execution phase, the compiled program runs independently.

[ Option A ]

In computer science, programming languages have grammar rules that define how code must be written correctly, similar to English sentence rules.
These grammars fall into Chomsky hierarchy levels:

• Regular (simple patterns).
• Context-free (balanced structures like brackets).
• Context-sensitive (complex dependencies).
• Unrestricted (most powerful).

C language belongs to the class of Context-Free Languages, because its grammar can be described using Context-Free Grammar (CFG).

[ Option A ]

The C programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at [AT & T (American Telephone and Telegraph)] Bell Laboratories , USA.

• Guido van Rossum : Developed Python Language.
• John von Neumann : Proposed the architecture for modern computers.

[ Option A ]

The C programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T Bell Laboratories in the United States. C was introduced in 1972 and became popular because it was simple, fast, and close to the hardware.

[ Option B ]

A high-level language like C, C++, Java is human-readable. A compiler is a special program that translates this high-level source code into an equivalent machine language program that the CPU can execute.

[ Option C ]

A computer program is a set of instructions written in a computer language. These instructions are usually based on an algorithm, which is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

• Program flowcharts visually represent the step-by-step flow of a program but are not the program itself.
• System flowcharts depict the flow of data in an entire system, not the program code.

[ Option C ]

The child's action of looking right and left before crossing the road represents a decision-making process. In algorithms, Selection refers to a choice or decision based on a condition.

[ Option D ]

Java, C++, and Fortran are all well-known programming languages used to write computer programs.
Lotus is not a programming language. It refers to Lotus 1-2-3, which was a popular spreadsheet software used for calculations and data management, similar to Microsoft Excel.

[ Option A ]

COBOL and BASIC are examples of procedure-oriented programming (POP) languages.
In procedure-oriented languages, a program is divided into functions or procedures. The main focus is on steps (procedures) to perform a task, rather than on objects and data. Data and functions are treated separately.

[ Option D ]

Comments are those lines which cannot be compiled by the compiler and only used for give the information about the program.
Comments are not necessary in a program. The purpose of comments is only to allow programmer to insert some notes or descriptions to enhance readability or understandability of the program. There are two ways to insert comments in C programs.
SINGLE LINE COMMENTS: For writing single line comments we use // (double forward slash).
Example:
//Program to prints “Suraku Academy”.
MULTIPLE LINE COMMENTS: The multiple line comments placed between delimiters /* and */.
Example:
/* Program for adding two integers.
The value of variable is taken from user at run time. */
However, comments do not belong to any specific section of a C program structure or skeleton. They can be written anywhere in the program.

[ Option B ]

Every C program must have one function that acts as the starting point of execution. When a program runs, the compiler and operating system look for this function first. This special function is main(). Without the main() function, the program has no defined entry point, and it cannot execute.

[ Option B ]

Modularity in programming is the concept of dividing a large program into smaller, independent, and manageable modules. Each module is designed to perform a specific task and can be developed, tested, and maintained separately. This makes the program easier to understand, debug, and reuse.

[ Option C ]

A computer program is a set of instructions that tells the computer exactly what tasks to perform and in what order.

[ Option D ]

Header files in C primarily contain the declarations of predefined library functions, such as printf() from stdio.h, getch() from conio.h or sqrt() from math.h. These files also include macro definitions, constants, and type definitions that are needed by the compiler before using any standard function.

[ Option B ]

The C programming language was developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories, primarily to help develop the UNIX operating system. In fact, UNIX itself was largely rewritten in C to make it portable across different machines.

[ Option D ]

A web browser shows the information from the World Wide Web by reading and interpreting code that websites are written in, like HTML (HyperText Markup Language), CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), and JavaScript. The main part of the browser that does this is called the Rendering Engine.
Machine Code and Assembly Language are low-level languages used by hardware and system programmers, not by browsers. C++ is a high-level programming language used to build software applications.

[ Option A ]

When a program written in a high-level language is processed by a computer, it goes through a systematic sequence of operations:

[ Option C ]

An interpreter translates a high-level language program into machine language statement-by-statement. This means it reads one line, converts it, and executes it immediately before moving to the next line.

• Compiler translates the whole program at once into machine code then the compiled program can be run later.
• Interpreter translates and executes the program statement by statement or line by line. Each line is read, converted to machine code, executed, then moves to the next line.

[ Option A ]

A computer cannot directly understand programs written in high-level languages such as C, C++, Java, or Python because computers only understand machine language.
These programs need to be changed into machine language, which the computer can understand. The special program that performs this conversion is called a translator.

[ Option D ]

[ Option A ]

In a flowchart, different shapes are used to show different types of actions. Each shape has a fixed meaning. A diamond shape is used when the program needs to make a choice (decision).

[ Option C ]

A compiler is a special program that converts a high-level language program into machine language that the computer processor can understand.
The opcode is part of a machine instruction and operand is data on which the operation works.

[ Option B ]

When you press a key on a standard computer keyboard, the key you press is converted into a unique binary code so that the computer can understand it. The ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) standard is the one most used for this purpose. 

• Each character has a unique ASCII code.
• ASCII is a 7-bit encoding scheme.

For example:

• ‘A’ : 65
• ‘B’ : 66
• ‘Y’ : 89
• ‘Z’ : 90
• ‘a’ : 97
• ‘b’ : 98
• ‘y’ : 121
• ‘z’ : 122
• ‘0’ : 48
• ‘1’ : 49
• ‘9’ : 57

[ Option C ]

[ Option B ]

Logical Error occur when the program runs without any error, but the output is incorrect. It happens when the logic or thinking behind the program is wrong.
Logical errors usually occur when a programmer uses the wrong formula, writes incorrect if-else or loop conditions, uses wrong operators, or designs a faulty algorithm. All of which come from poor understanding of the required logic.

[ Option A ]

An algorithm is a simple step-by-step procedure used to solve a problem. It is written in plain and easy language so that anyone can understand the sequence of actions to be performed.

• An algorithm is a finite step-by-step process for solving a particular problem.

E.g.:
Write an algorithm to find sum of first N natural number.

[ Option B ]

In C programming, a block refers to a group of statements enclosed within a pair of curly braces { }. These braces define the beginning and end of a compound statement.
Blocks are commonly used in functions, decision-making, loops, and other control structures to group multiple statements together so they execute as a single unit.

[ Option A ]

Assembly language is considered a Low-Level programming language because it is only one step above machine language. It uses mnemonic codes like MOV, ADD, and SUB instead of binary, making it slightly easier for humans to read but still closely tied to the hardware architecture.

[ Option D ]

A compiler is a program that translates a high-level language into machine-readable code.
A source program is the code written by the programmer in a high-level language. The compiler takes this source code and converts it into object code, which is in machine language.

• The option (a) is true because the compiler always reads the source code written by the programmer.
• The option (b) is true because compiler processes the entire program at once, not line-by-line.
• The option (c) is true because after translation, the compiler produces object code.

So, all three options (a), (b), and (c) are true for a compiler.

[ Option B ]

In flowchart, the oval shape is used to represent the Start and End of a flowchart. Since every flowchart must begin with a starting point, the oval symbol is placed at the very beginning to indicate where the process starts.

[ Option C ]

[ Option B ]

Databases store and manage large amounts of data. To perform operation with this data like inserting, updating, deleting, or searching information, we need a special language called SQL (Structured Query Language). 
SQL is specifically designed for writing queries, which are commands that help us interact with a database.