Question 1. Draw a Flowchart to Find the Largest Among Three Numbers.

Answer:

The following flowchart illustrates the logical steps required to determine the largest number among three given numbers.

Question 2. Explain the Different Logical Operators in C with Suitable Examples.

Answer:

Logical operators are used to combine two or more conditions and evaluate whether the overall expression is true or false. They are commonly used in decision-making statements such as if, if-else, while, and for loops.

Example Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a = 10, b = 20;
    if(a < b && b > 0)
        printf("AND Operator is True\n");
    if(a > b || b > 0)
        printf("OR Operator is True\n");
    if(!(a > b))
        printf("NOT Operator is True\n");
    return 0;
}

Question 3. Explain the while Loop and do-while Loop with Examples.

Answer:

Both while and do-while are looping statements used to execute a block of code repeatedly until a specified condition becomes false. The main difference lies in the point at which the condition is evaluated.

Syntax of while Loop

while(condition)
{
    // Statements
}

Syntax of do-while Loop

do
{
    // Statements
}
while(condition);

Question 4. Write a C Program to Calculate the Factorial of a Number Using Recursion.

Answer:

A recursive function is a function that calls itself until a terminating condition is satisfied. The following program calculates the factorial of a given number using recursion.

#include <stdio.h>
int factorial(int n)
{
    if(n == 0 || n == 1)
        return 1;
    return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
int main()
{
    int num;
    printf("Enter a Number : ");
    scanf("%d", &num);
    printf("Factorial = %d", factorial(num));
    return 0;
}

Question 5. Write Any One C Function for Each of the Following:

Answer:

C provides several built-in functions for performing file operations such as opening, closing, reading, and writing files. Some commonly used functions are listed below.

Example

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen("student.txt", "w");
    fprintf(fp, "Welcome to Suraku Academy");
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

Solution – Part III

Question 1. Write a Detailed Note on the Evaluation of Programming Languages.

Answer:

A programming language is evaluated by analyzing different characteristics that determine its usefulness, efficiency, reliability, and ease of programming. A good programming language should be simple to understand, easy to maintain, efficient to execute, and capable of solving a wide variety of problems. These evaluation criteria help programmers select the most suitable language for a particular application.

The major criteria used for evaluating a programming language are explained below.

1. Readability

Readability refers to how easily a program can be read and understood by programmers. A language with good readability allows developers to understand the program quickly, making debugging, testing, and maintenance much easier.

The readability of a programming language depends on several factors, including meaningful keywords, simple syntax, consistency, and well-defined language constructs.

2. Writability

Writability is the ease with which programmers can develop programs using a programming language. A language with good writability allows programmers to express solutions clearly using fewer statements, thereby improving development speed and reducing programming effort.

Features such as simple syntax, powerful data structures, reusable functions, and modular programming improve the writability of a programming language.

3. Reliability

Reliability refers to the ability of a programming language to produce correct, consistent, and dependable results under different operating conditions. A reliable programming language helps developers create programs that perform accurately with minimal errors.

Reliability depends on factors such as strong type checking, effective exception handling, proper memory management, and overall language design. A highly reliable language reduces unexpected program failures and improves software quality.

4. Cost

Cost is another important criterion used to evaluate a programming language. It represents the overall expense involved in developing, testing, executing, maintaining, and upgrading software throughout its life cycle.

The total cost of a programming language includes programmer training, software development, debugging, maintenance, execution time, hardware requirements, and long-term support. A language that reduces development time and maintenance effort is generally considered more cost-effective.

5. Portability

Portability is the ability of a program to run on different hardware platforms and operating systems with little or no modification. A portable programming language allows the same source code to be compiled and executed on multiple systems.

Portable languages reduce development effort because the same application can be reused across different environments instead of writing separate programs for each platform.

6. Efficiency

Efficiency measures how effectively a programming language utilizes system resources such as processor time and memory. An efficient language produces programs that execute quickly while consuming minimum memory and computational resources.

Execution speed, optimized memory usage, and efficient compilation are some of the important factors that determine the efficiency of a programming language.

7. Maintainability

Maintainability is the ease with which an existing program can be modified, corrected, enhanced, or updated after its development. Software often requires maintenance to fix errors, improve performance, or add new features.

A programming language with clear syntax, modular programming support, meaningful identifiers, and proper documentation makes software maintenance much easier and less time-consuming.

Summary of Programming Language Evaluation Criteria

OR

Write a Pseudo Code to Generate the Following Series:

1. 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, ... n
2. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... n

Answer: The solutions for both series are given below using simple pseudo code.

(a) Pseudo Code to Generate the Fibonacci Series

The Fibonacci series is a sequence in which each number is obtained by adding the two preceding numbers. The series begins with 0 and 1.

BEGIN
INPUT n
SET first = 0
SET second = 1
PRINT first, second
FOR i = 3 TO n
    SET next = first + second
    PRINT next
    SET first = second
    SET second = next
END FOR
END

(b) Pseudo Code to Generate the Series 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... n

This series represents the square of natural numbers. Each term is obtained by multiplying the number by itself.

BEGIN
INPUT n
FOR i = 1 TO n
    PRINT i × i
END FOR
END

Question 2. Discuss the Various Decision-Making Statements in C with Suitable Examples.

Answer:

Decision-making statements enable a program to execute different blocks of code based on whether a specified condition evaluates to true or false. They play a vital role in controlling the flow of program execution and are widely used in C programming.

The commonly used decision-making statements in C are listed below.

if(condition)
{
    // Statements
}

if(condition)
{
    // Statements
}
else
{
    // Statements
}

if(condition1)
{
    if(condition2)
    {
        // Statements
    }
}

if(condition1)
{
    // Statements
}
else if(condition2)
{
    // Statements
}
else
{
    // Statements
}

switch(expression)
{
    case value1:
        // Statements
        break;
    case value2:
        // Statements
        break;
    default:
        // Statements
}

while(condition)
{
    // Statements
}

do
{
    // Statements
}
while(condition);

for(initialization;condition;increment)
{
    // Statements
}

for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
    if(i == 5)
        break;
    printf("%d ", i);
}

for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
    if(i == 3)
        continue;
    printf("%d ", i);
}

data_type array_name[size];

int marks[10];

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int arr[10];
    int i, sum=0;
    printf("Enter 10 Numbers:\n");
    for(i = 0;i < 10;i++)
    {
        scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
        sum=sum+arr[i];
    }
    printf("Sum : %d",sum);
    return 0;
}

return_type function_name(parameter_list);

int add(int, int);

int add(int a,int b)
{
    return a+b;
}

result = add(10,20);

#include <stdio.h>
int add(int, int);
int main()
{
    int sum;
    sum = add(10, 20);
    printf("Sum = %d", sum);
    return 0;
}
int add(int a,int b)
{
    return a+b;
}

data_type *pointer_name;

int *ptr;

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int num=100;
    int *ptr;
    ptr=&num;
    printf("Value of num = %d\n", num);
    printf("Address of num = %p\n", &num);
    printf("Value stored in ptr = %p\n", ptr);
    printf("Value using *ptr = %d\n", *ptr);
    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int age;
    printf("Enter Your Age: ");
    scanf("%d", &age);
    printf("Age = %d", age);
    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    char ch;
    printf("Enter a Character: ");
    ch = getchar();
    printf("You Entered: ");
    putchar(ch);
    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen("student.txt", "w");
    if(fp == NULL)
    {
        printf("Unable to Open File");
        return 1;
    }
    fprintf(fp, "Welcome to Suraku Academy");
    fclose(fp);
    printf("Data Written Successfully.");
    return 0;
}